Research

toc //Welcome to Research Group!//

=__Wiki assignment 5 -__= =__Data Collected__= The following graphs display data of the temperature differences in the Heat Sinks according to the amount of voltage and amps used. Basically, a heat sink is a fan that is used to remove the heat from the TEC. The TECs consists of two sides; one side is for cooling while the other is to exert heat. In order to get the data for the graphs below, a pen thermometer was used to collect the temperatures for the cold side of the TEC. The temperatures are all in degrees celsius. The graph is made up of voltage (V), Ampere (I), Watts, Cold (Cold side of TEC) and Hot (the heat being removed by the heat sink). 

x- axis = Watts y-axis = Temperature



x-axis = Watts y-axis = Temperature



x-axis = watts y-axis = Temperature H= heat

__**Pictures of TEC placement for the final design**__



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__Overview__
The research group is dedicated to gathering information concerning the final design of the Automated Thermoregulation Device (ATD). We have researched topics such as heat transfer equation thermoregulation, extreme body temperatures and conventional locations to place the TECs.



__Tasks__
//The Research group is an important fundamental element to the project. They are assigned tasks given by the other groups to more easily and efficiently move along their progress. Certain tasks include, but are not limited to://


 * Determine the Maximum (heat) temperature cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues can be exposed to as a function of time. Determine the Minimum ( Cold ) temperature cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues can be exposed to as a function of time. Different sources will claim different temperatures and times, please do not repeat values, please do not repeat sources - we can obtain more holistic understandings with varied results than we would with results that are always the same. We are looking for information like... ex. 1st degree frostbite occurs at a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius @ 7 minutes... ex. subcutaneous tissue damage occurs when skin is heated to 40 degrees for 15 minutes. If possible try to explain how these bio-processes occur through information acquired from your research.
 * Find heat maps of the body online, describe where these locations are and their average temperature. Find more research on the reaction patients under anesthesia have to therapeutic hypothermia.
 * Try and find research related to the effect of compression on heating and cooling, search education databases and Google for scholarly articles and look for equations or modeling that relates compression to the spread or perfusion of heat and cold through either tissue, water or some other medium of relatively similar density. Google is better, JSTOR is OK. My JSTOR username is wablib and the password is wablib. JSTOR takes patience as its search engine is a poor representation of the resources it has.
 * Venture into the wonderland of bio-heat transfer equations, search databases for equations and modeling that endeavors to predict the spread or perfusion of cold as well as equations and modeling that endeavors to predict the spread or perfusion of heat. These easily become very complex modeling so develop two sets of mathematical models. I will aid you in the development of this. One model will be the complex model and another will be a simplistic modeling. What we want to do is develop at least a mild familiarity with the complex tool kit that will be set aside for next generation products. At the same time we will look for very simple methods of modeling the rate of temperature change and develop a full tool kit for temperature prediction. Once we have an idea of the capability of these models we will be able to perceive where or how they can be incorporated into the programming of the ATD. I have many PDFs that include basic and simple models, we will share and discuss these here. Holly will find them useful as well. Feel free to use my JSTOR account as well.



__TEC Placement__

 * Our main focus is to find information regarding thermoregulation of the human body. This information will be used to determine where the TECs must be placed more maximum heat transfer without damage. The image below show's the main arteries running through the right arm, where the flow of blood heats the arm. The Radial, Ulnar, and Brachial arteries are the three main arteries that run through the arm.**

[|Artery Picture link]



__Extreme Body Temperatures__
// **Normal human body temperature**, also known as //normothermia //or// euthermia//, is a concept that depends upon the place in the body at which the measurement is made, and the time of day and level of activity of the person. There is no single number that represents a normal or healthy temperature for all people under all circumstances using any place of measurement.// // Normal Body temperature : 98.6F or 37 C  //

 http://es242-digitalhealth-spring2011.wikispaces.com/

**Fever ** A temperature setpoint is the level at which the body attempts to maintain its temperature. When the setpoint is raised, the result is a fever. Most fevers are caused by infectious disease and can be lowered, if desired, with antipyretic medications. An organism at optimum temperature is considered afebrile or apyrexic, meaning "without fever". If temperature is raised, but the setpoint is not raised, then the result is hyperthermia. **Hyperthermia ** Main article: Hyperthermia Hyperthermia occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. It is usually caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The heat-regulating mechanisms of the body eventually become overwhelmed and unable to deal effectively with the heat, causing the body temperature to climb uncontrollably. Hyperthermia at or above about 40 °C (104 °F) is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Common symptoms include headache, confusion, and fatigue. If sweating has resulted in dehydration, then the affected person may have dry, red skin. In a medical setting, mild hyperthermia is commonly called heat exhaustion or heat prostration; severe hyperthermia is called heat stroke. Heat stroke may come on suddenly, but it usually follows the untreated milder stages. Treatment involves cooling and rehydrating the body; fever-reducing drugs are useless for this condition. This may be done through moving out of direct sunlight to a cooler and shaded environment, drinking water, removing clothing that might keep heat close to the body, or sitting in front of a fan. Bathing in tepid or cool water, or even just washing the face and other exposed areas of the skin, can be helpful. With fever, the body's core temperature rises to a higher temperature through the action of the part of the brain that controls the body temperature; with hyperthermia, the body temperature is raised without the consent of the heat control centers. **Hypothermia **

In hypothermia, body temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and bodily functions. In humans, this is usually due to excessive exposure to cold air or water, but it can be deliberately induced as a medical treatment. Symptoms usually appear when the body's core temperature drops by 1-2 °C (1.8-3.6 °F) below normal temperature.

**Temperature Changes in Body **

**Basal body temperature ** Basal body temperature is the lowest temperature attained by the body during rest (usually during sleep). It is generally measured immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken, although the temperature measured at that time is somewhat higher than the true basal body temperature. In women, temperature differs at various points in the menstrual cycle, and this can be used for family planning. **Core temperature ** **Core temperature **<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">, also called **<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">core body temperature **<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">, is the operating temperature of an organism, specifically in deep structures of the body such as the liver , in comparison to temperatures of peripheral tissues. Core temperature is normally maintained within a narrow range so that essential enzymatic reactions can occur. Significant core temperature elevation ( hyperthermia ) or depression ( hypothermia ) that is prolonged for more than a brief period of time is incompatible with human life. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; padding: 0px;">Temperature examination in the rectum is the traditional gold standard measurement used to estimate core temperature (oral temperature is affected by hot or cold drinks and mouth-breathing). Rectal temperature is expected to be approximately one Fahrenheit degree higher than an oral temperature taken on the same person at the same time. Ear thermometers measure eardrum temperature using infrared sensors. The blood supply to the tympanic membrane is shared with the brain. However, this method of measuring body temperature is not as accurate as rectal measurement and has a low sensitivity for fevers, missing three or four out of every ten fevers in children Ear temperature measurement may be acceptable for observing trends in body temperature but is less useful in consistently identifying fevers. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; padding: 0px;">Until recently, direct measurement of core body temperature required surgical insertion of a probe, so a variety of indirect methods have commonly been used. While the rectal or vaginal temperature is generally considered to give the most accurate assessment of core body temperature, particularly in hypothermia, its recording is disliked by patients and medical staff alike. In the early 2000s, ingestible thermistors in capsule form were produced, allowing the temperature inside the digestive tract to be transmitted to an external receiver; one study found that these were comparable in accuracy to rectal temperature measurement.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ** Temperatures A human body Can Withstand **


 * **37 °C (99 °F)** - Normal body temperature (which varies between about 36.12–37.5 °C (97–100 °F))
 * **38 °C (100 °F)** - Sweating, feeling very uncomfortable, slightly hungry.

· <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> **39°C (102.2°F)** (Pyrexia) - Severe sweating, flushed and very red. Fast heart rate and breathlessness. There may be exhaustion accompanying this. Children and people with epilepsy may be very likely to get convulsions at this point. · <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> **40°C (104°F)** - Fainting, dehydration, weakness, vomiting, headache and dizziness may occur as well as profuse sweating. · <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> **41°C (105.8°F)** - (Medical emergency) - Fainting, vomiting, severe headache, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, delirium and drowsiness can occur. There may also be palpitations and breathlessness. · <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> **42°C (107.6°F)** - Subject may turn pale or remain flushed and red. They may become comatose, be in severe delirium, vomiting, and convulsions can occur. Blood pressure may be high or low and heart rate will be very fast. · <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> **43°C (109.4°F)** - Normally death, or there may be serious brain damage, continuous convulsions and shock. Cardio-respiratory collapse will occur. · <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"> **44°C (111.2°F) or more** - Almost certainly death will occur; however, patients have been known to survive up to 46.5°C (115.7°F). ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Cold <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- Usage and design
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px;">**37 °C (99 °F)**- Normal body temperature (which varies between about 36–37.5 °C (97–100 °F)
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px;">**36 °C (97 °F)**- Mild to moderate shivering (body temperature may drop this low during sleep). May be a normal body temperature.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px;">**35 °C (95 °F)**- (<span style="background-image: none; background-position: 100% 50%; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Hypothermia] ) is less than 35 °C (95 °F) - Intense shivering, numbness and bluish/grayness of the skin. There is the possibility of heart irritability.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px;">**34 °C (93 °F)**- Severe shivering, loss of movement of fingers, blueness and confusion. Some behavioural changes may take place.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px;">**33 °C (91 °F)**- Moderate to severe confusion, sleepiness, depressed reflexes, progressive loss of shivering, slow heart beat, shallow breathing. Shivering may stop. Subject may be unresponsive to certain stimuli.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px;">**32 °C (90 °F)**- (<span style="background-image: none; background-position: 100% 50%; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Medical emergency] ) Hallucinations, delirium, complete confusion, extreme sleepiness that is progressively becoming comatose. Shivering is absent (subject may even think they are hot). Reflex may be absent or very slight.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px;">**31 °C (88 °F)**- Comatose, very rarely conscious. No or slight reflexes. Very shallow breathing and slow heart rate. Possibility of serious heart rhythm problems.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px;">**28 °C (82 °F)**- Severe heart rhythm disturbances are likely and breathing may stop at any time. Patient may appear to be dead.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px;">**24–26 °C (75–79 °F) or less**- Death usually occurs due to irregular heart beat or respiratory arrest; however, a woman named<span style="background-image: none; background-position: 100% 50%; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Anna Bågenholm] was recorded to have survived with body temperatures as low as 13.7 °C (56.7 °F).

TEST

During ambulance transportation, trauma patients in severe condition must have their body temperatures regulated. These thermoregulation devices are a compact, easy way to control the core body temperatures of these patients in a relatively quick period of time.

__ References __
<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #0e774a; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;">[|www.fertilityplus.org/faq/bbt/bbtfaq.html] <span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #0e774a; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;">[|www.medicalfaq.net/**what**...**your**_**body**_**temperature**...**temperature**_/ta-170473] <span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #0e774a; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;">[] ...............................................................................................................................................................................

__ Credits __
Roshel Vas Holly Sanchez James Pellissier Brent Higgins //............................................................................................................................................................................................//